Level of VEGF in Chronic Nephropathy Models

Level of VEGF in Chronic Nephropathy ModelsThe number of patients with continuing kidney disease (CKD) progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and requiring renal replacement therapy argon change magnitude worldwide. In India, the age-adjusted incidence set of ESRD is estimated to be 229 per million population (pmp), and 100,000 clean patients enter renal replacement programs annually (1). Diabetic kidney disease (DN) is the or so common cause of ESRD development among other disorders predisposing to ESRD. The costs of DN are importantly steeper than those from other diabetic complications because the patients are subjected to haemodialysis programs and renal remove when failure occurs. Thus, the burden of DN on public health is enormous (2). The legitimate therapy for patients with renal injury includes glycemic control by antidiabetic medications. Blockage of renin angiotonin system (RAS) is the near commonly practiced way of controlling kind pressure in DN. Howe ver, angiotensin-converting enzyme checkors and angiotensin sensory receptor blockers mode cuckoldely slow the rate of progression but do non arrest or cabbage the progression of disease. Moreover, RAS blockade is usually initiated only after DN manifests itself clinically with persistent proteinuria in both(prenominal) cause 1 and type 2 diabetes. But despite knowledge of the devastating effects of these complications and the voluminous costs to patients, to date, there is still no method that is sufficiently photosensitive and accurate for subclinical diagnoses of diabetic nephropathy. The pathomechanisms leading to these changes are not and clearly understood and therefore, therapeutic approaches for relief of this disease are singular or do not permit a favorable pharmacological intervention.Angiogenesis the development of new communication channel vessels from pre-existing unrivaleds is involved in physiological events and in pathological disorders including can cer, proliferative retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and neointimal shaping. Angiogenesis is controlled by the balance between proangiogenic and anti-angiogenic computes. experimental studies have demonstrated the involvement of an imbalance of angiogenesis-related factors in the progression of CKD and the say-so therapeutic effects of modulating these factors have been identified (3, 4). Vascular endothelial addition factor (VEGF)-A, a potent pro-angiogenic factor, is involved in the development of the kidney, and withal plays an important procedure in maintaining the glomerular capillary structure and in the repair process following injuries of glomerular endothelial booths and peritubular capillaries (5-7). It is constitutively expressed in podocytes, proximal tubular carrels and medullary thick ascending limb boothphones in the juxtamedullary region of the normal kidney. Evidence is emerging that VEGF plays a critical exercise in maintaining renal homeost asis (8, 9). Altered ( augmentd or decreased) observation of VEGF leads to glomerular dysfunction and proteinuria (3, 10-15). It has been demonstrated that VEGF garbage disposal has a beneficial effect in both acute and degenerative nondiabetic renal disease. In the remnant kidney personate and cyclosporine nephropathy, decreased VEGF fount was observed. These observations were correlated with renal dysfunction and capillary loss. VEGF administration was found to reverse the renal dysfunction in these models (4, 16, 17). In contrast, both circulating and local VEGF levels are high school in diabetes. In diabetic nephropathy , the increases in the number of glomerular capillaries and in the glomerular levels of VEGF-A and its receptor VEGFR-2 are observed (3, 18). The role of abnormal angiogenesis induce by VEGF has been concerned in diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy associated with progression of disease and the spendthrift VEGF has been shown to have a role in mediating glomerular hypertrophy (3). The fine mechanism is unclear for contradictory status of VEGF-A in diabetic and non diabetic kidney disease. So, in the invest study we obstinate to go over the level of VEGF in two different inveterate nephropathy models one was diabetes induced chronic nephropathy and the other was non diabetic nephropathy.VEGF and NO interaction has been explained as one of the regulating mechanism in causing paradoxical effects of VEGF by Takahiko Nakagawa et al. 2007. The author explained the dark side and the bright side of VEGF effects. VEGF normally stimulates endothelial azotic oxide (NO) press release and acts in coordination with elevated NO levels as a trophic factor for vascular endothelium. The increased NO derived from the endothelial cell acts as an inhibitory factor that prevents excess endothelial cell proliferation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and macrophage infiltration. Normally, an elevation in VEGF expression should payoff in elevated endothelial NO levels, since VEGF increases both endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression and NO release from endothelial cells. However, in diabetes, despite high levels of VEGF, endothelial NO levels are low. The authors have summarized several mechanisms to explain the low endothelial NO bioavailability. First, glucose can scavenge NO. Second, there is an impairment of eNOS activation. A third mechanism could be oxidative stress, which quenches NO to form peroxynitrite. Fourth, the formation of advanced glycation products in diabetes may in any case result in the utilization of endothelial NO. Fifth, both asymmetric dimethyl arginine and uric acid are commonly elevated in diabetes and can reduce endothelial NO bioavailability. Finally, NO may bind to glycosylated deoxyhemoglobin. Thus in diabetic settings high levels of VEGF, in absence of NO lead to excessive endothelial cell proliferation, stimulation of macrophage chemotaxis, and vascular smooth muscle cell act ivation resulting in vascular injury (19, 20). Based on these observations we decided to investigate level of NO, in addition to VEGF in two different chronic nephropathy models.The therapeutic effects of anti-VEGF-A strategies and anti-angiogenic factors in diabetic nephropathy have been report (21). The beneficial effects of administration of VEGF in non diabetic CKD have been report (17). The contrasting effects of VEGF in non-diabetic and diabetic kidney disease prompted us to followup factors modulating VEGF expression in CKD. Hypoxia and certain cytokines are major regulators of VEGF expression (22-29). physiologic adaptation to hypoxia is an area of intense investigation. Adenosine is a critical mediator during ischemia and hypoxia and contributes to diseases as diverse as inflammation and carcinogenesis (30). Inhibition of adenosine kinase and the dephosphorylation of ATP and type A by surface apyrases (e.g., CD39) and ecto-5 nucleotidase (CD73), respectively, represent th e major pathways of extracellular adenosine liberation during type O supply imbalances. Once liberated in the extracellular space, adenosine is either recycled (e.g., by dint of dipyridamole-sensitive carriers) or interacts with cell surface Adenosine Receptors (ARs). Presently, four subtypes of G protein-coupled ARs exist, designated A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. They are classified ad according to utilization of pertussis toxin sensitive pathways (A1 and A3) or adenylate cyclase (A2A and A2B).The A2BAR have been lately much investigated for their role on renal functions. A2BAR have been reported to inhibit PDGF induced growth of mesangial cells ,they excessively protect the kidney from ischemia (31, 32). A2BAR have also been reported to inhibit inflammation, so it is remained to be determined which type of A2AR are involved in inflammation associated with diabetic nephropathy. A2B receptors have a depress affinity compared with other subtypes and require higher concentrations of adenos ine for their stimulation and such(prenominal) high levels can be reached during hypoxia, ischemia, inflammation, and injury. A2BAR regulate various pathological processes, including mast cell activation, vasodilatation, ban of cardiac fibroblast and vascular smooth muscle growth, stimulation of endothelial cell (EC) growth, and angiogenesis (8,9,10,11,12). The functional aspects of ARs retorts may be determined by surface expression profiles. Microarray analyses of cDNA derived from endothelial cells subjected to various periods of hypoxia revealed significant changes in the ARs profile, wherein the prominent phenotypical change favored A2BAR expression, with concomitant down regulation of A1AR and A3AR(2). As chronic state of nephropathy also involve hypoxic intra renal environment (33), we decided to find the expression of A2BAR in two different models of chronic nephropathy.The most potent stimuli for VEGF production is hypoxia as stated above. The depict of line also suggest s the hyperglycemic state of diabetes to be hypoxic. Particularly, it has been demonstrated that in a mouse podocytes cell line the expression of VEGF increases under exposition to high D-glucose concentrations. At present however, it is not clear how glomerular VEGF production is unregulated in response to diabetes or high glucose concentration (13). Ex vivo exposure of rat kidney glomeruli to adenosine leads to an increase in VEGF content. Activation of A2BAR subtypes augments expression and releases VEGF beyond basal levels in rat glomeruli. Additionally, the status of VEGF and NO axis in non diabetic nephropathy is not well investigated. Based on these observations we decided to investigate the effects of A2BAR modulators on VEGF and NO in chronic diabetic nephropathy. Reconstitution of endothelial NO synthesis and/or its availability in glomeruli of diabetic nephropathy animal models via the A2BAR modulation, the Great Compromiser an interesting matter. We thus hypothesize th at differential expression of VEGF in diabetic and non-diabetic kidney diseases is mediated by A2BAR. The expression of A2B receptor is disease specific.Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive agent with definite efficacy to prevent reed organ allograft rejection. However, CsA causes significant nephrotoxicity that might contribute to long-term kidney graft loss (34). Acute CsA nephrotoxicity is characterized by renal vasoconstriction, which is dose-related and reversible with dose reduction. In contrast, chronic CsA nephrotoxicity may be progressive and irreversible, the histological lesion of which includes tubular atrophy, afferent arteriolar hyalinosis. We resolved to investigate the mechanisms of cyclosporine induced nephropathy as non diabetic chronic nephropathy model in present study.A line of evidence has demonstrated reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide (NO) in CsA nephropathy(35, 36). VEGF is an endothelial cell mitogen that increases angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Endogenous VEGF has a relevant role in the renal tubular defense against CsA toxicity. stop over of the VEGF by -VEGF results in intensification of the tubular injury the CsA nephropathy(37). The occurrence of both in-vivo and in-vitro effects of VEGF blockade provides evidence of a direct protective effect of VEGF on the tubular cell.Numerous studies have reported a important role of NO in regulation of the effects of VEGF on angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and blood pressure regulation (38, 39). A2BAR have been known to mediate NO release in various pathological settings (40, 41). In the late phase of CsA nephropathy, nitric oxide synthase activation is reduced (42). However, it is necessary to determine whether or not A2BAR friend induces VEGF in chronic CsA nephropathy. Previous in vitro studies using vascular smooth muscle cells as well as macrophages suggest administration of A2BAR agonists results in increased VEGF expr ession, potentially stimulating angiogenesis. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that A2BAR agonists induce expression of key angiogenic factors such as VEGF in CsA induced chronic nephropathy. Such an increase in renal VEGF expression by A2BAR activators may initiate the angiogenic response at the site of renal injury. Hence present study was designed to investigate the effects of A2BAR modulators on VEGF expression and NO levels in kidneys of chronic CsA induced nephropathy.