Sarah’s Scenario

That will put Sarah In a position to disobey her parent's rules of curfew. Socially, she is extroverted and thrives off of other people. There are three factors that Influence her willing to go against her parent's rules. These Include belonging, understanding, and enhancing-self. She Is new and wants to belong too new crowd and fit In while trying to understand their outlook and ways of talking. With that, she Is likely to feel more worthy to the group and make her feel better about herself.According to chapter 16 of Learn Psychology, (20131 cognitive dissonance Is a discomfort that someone experiences when putting ideas together that conflict with each other. Now in this situation, Sarah displays cognitive dissonance when she knows that she has no business going to anyone's party because if she does, she will miss her parent's curfew. If Sarah chooses not to go to the party, she will miss out on having fun with her new friends. This is likely to give her a uncomfortable feeling bec ause she knows she does not need to go.And that is because she knows it will cause conflict with her parents. Sarah is being affected by a few behaviors in this situation. Conformity is when a person changes their ways and thoughts to be alike another persons. Sarah wants to go to this party because she never attended one before. She also wanted this new roof of individuals to continue to involve her and invite her to events. Plus she was afraid she would miss out on the fun had she not went. Sarah displays conformity by giving in to her friends' beliefs because she went to the party anyway when she should not have.Then Sarah meets a boy named Jack at the party. As they talked, they learned they have quite a few things in common with each other. Jack and Sarah share several factors of attraction such as similarity, proximity, and physical attraction. If they do get to go on the date Jack invited her on, they are likely to enjoy themselves and get along well. They had a few similarit ies such as enjoying the same music or going to the same school. They also live In the same area nearby each other.Also, Jack Is clearly attracted to Sarah because he left her know that he thought she was beautiful. Because of these few factors, they surely have an Interest In each other romantically. Then two guys from the party get Into a pretty abrupt altercation and argument. Of course all the party goers have a piqued curiosity so they run outside to satisfy that need. Funny thing Is, no one stopped these two boys from fighting, That altercation ended up turning physical and again, no one of the party goers went o help the boys.Because of this physical altercation between the two boys, that group of popular kids used the bystander effect which means, â€Å"people are less likely are when they are alone. † (Carter & Sifter, 2013, Chapter Chapter 16). What these kids ended up doing was leave. They all went home. What one of these kids could have done differently is display diffusion of responsibility. That means a person has the tendency to be the responsible one and push the help factor amongst everyone else. Yet, not one child did, they ended up leaving the boys and everyone else there t the party..Sarah was likely going through the initial events of her evening because of her displays of conformity. She had a great deal of experience with social influences that evening. Questions are, if she had attended the party alone, would she have left the party by herself after the fight? Or would she have Just stayed there after the fight even if she had come alone? Sometimes people tend to do things differently when they are around other types of individuals. On this particular evening, Sarah and all her decisions were ultimately influenced by her peers all evening long.

Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables

Minimal processing is defined to include all unit operations such as washing, sorting, trimming, puling, slicing, coring etc. The purpose of minimal processing is to deliver to the consumer a like fresh with an extended self life whilst ensuring food safety and maintaining sound nutritional and sensory quality i. e. at least 7 days domestic consumption and 7-15 days for overseas consumption. Minimally processed products are also called fresh cuts, semi-processed, ready cut and fresh processed.This increasing popularity of minimally processed fruits and vegetables has been attributed to the health benefits associated with fresh produce, combining with the opening consumer trend towards eating out and consuming ready to eat foods. The minimally processing industries was initially developed to supply hotels, restaurants, catering services and other institutions more recently it was expanded to include foods retailers for home consumption. Most popular in USA. In 1998 the sale volume is near about $ 6 billion.Consumer trends are changing and high quality foods with fresh like attribute are demanded. Consequently less extreme treatment and for additives are being required. Within a wider and modern concept of minimal processing some food characteristics are identified that must be attained in response to consumer demands. These are less heat and chilled damaged, fresh appearance and less acid, solt, sugar and fat. To satisfy this demands some changes or reduction in the traditionally used preservation techniques must be achieved.For this reason we are concerned to talk about this topic. ? SOME MINIMALLY PROCESSED PRODUCTS [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] ? PYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES Minimally processed fruits and vegetables are more perishable than fresh as a consequence of tissue damage resulting from processing operation.Wounding, in fact, leads to an increase in respiration activity and ethylene production rate, alters metabolic activity, reduces shelf-life, increases the rate of nutritional and sensory attributes breakdown and leads to browning of tissues. The greater the degree of processing, the wounding response. Mechanical damages, in addition may enhance susceptibility to decay and contamination by spoilage micro-organisms and microbes pathogenic to consumers. The impact of bruising and wounding can be reduced by cooling the product before processing.Strict temperature control after processing is also critical in reducing wound induced metabolic activity. Other techniques that substantially reduce damage include use of sharp knives, maintenance, of stringent sanitary conditions and efficient washing and drying of cut surface. ? MICROBIAL RESPONSES The increasing demand of these minimally processed products represents for a challenge for researches and processors to make them stable and safe. The increased time and distance between processing and consumption may contribute to higher risks of food born e illnesses.Although chemical and physical hazards specific to minimally processed and ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables beside mainly with microbial contaminants. Some of the microbial pathogens associated with fresh produced include Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. , enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, hepatitis A virus, etc. Intact fruits and vegetables are safe to eat partly because the surface of peel is an effective physical and chemical barrier to most organisms. In addition, if the peel is damaged, the acidity of the pulp prevents the growth of organisms (except acid tolerant fungi and acteria). On vegetables, in microflora is dominated by soil organisms. Erwinia and Pseudomonos usually have competitive advantage over other organisms that could potentially be harmful to humans. Changes in environmental conditions surrounding a product can result in significant changes in micro flora. Risk of pathogenic bacteria increases †¢ With film packaging (high rel ative humidity and low oxygen conditions). †¢ With packaging of products of low salt content and high cellular pH †¢ Storage of packaged products at too high temperature.Microbial growth on minimally processed products can be controlled by †¢ Sanitation of all equipment and use of chlorinated water are standard approach †¢ Low temperature during and after processing generally retards microbial growth. †¢ Moisture increases microbial growth. Removal of wash or cleaning water by centrifugation or other methods are critical. †¢ Low pH †¢ Low oxygen and elevated carbon-di-oxide levels, often retards microbial growth. [pic] ———————– CELERY STICKS PINEAPPLE SHREDDED LETTUCE BROCCOLI FLORETS CARROT STICKS PELLED POTTATO DICED ONION MANGOES CHILLED PEACHES MELONS TRIMMED SPINACH JACKFRUITS

HRM Pharmaco case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM Pharmaco case study - Assignment Example "Human issues arising from the restructuring of multinational corporations are being delegated to HR for studay and implementation" (Fitz-Enz, 2002, 4). Therefore, human resource management should be prepared to deal with such challenges. Unfortunately, empirically, it has been a common practice to cut the human resources department first to save money and resources when a company is experiencing difficulty. "And when companies were downsizing and restructuring, human resource capabilities were the first thing cut" (Losey et all, 2005, 13). Such poor leadership decisions are not forward thinking and result in an understaffed HR department that is not prepared to lead the company's restructuring. In the case of Pharmaco, inefficient human resource decisions couple with poor communication between employees hindered development. Evaluation of the management style of Pharmaco yields information about the company's core values and beliefs. The purpose of the case study was to "appreciate the range of employees and types of job that exist within pharmaceutical companies" (Sewell and Scarbrough, 2002, 182) Pharmaco is a British company, which is important to note because the "pharmaceutical industry is often highlighted as one of the few examples of British manufacturing success in high value added markets" (Sewell and Scarbrough, 2002, 115). ... Like other industries dependent upon science, pharmaceutical companies need to constantly retrain and innovate in order to achieve and continue to enjoy market competitiveness (Sewell and Scarbrough, 2002, 43). This distinguishes such businesses from other more traditional companies and creates intriguing dilemmas for human resource management. Retention of employees is key as confidentiality is a premium for the field. Temporary workers require human resource analysts to design specific policy and compensation procedure that may differ from that of permanent workers. This inherently creates uncertainty which may be compounded by ineffective implementation or the perception of favourable treatment of one group over another. The first issue to be examined is why these individuals choose to become temporary workers so that their attitudes and effectiveness may be gauged. As David Cenzo and Stephen Robbins (2005) note: If temporaries are employed solely as a cost-cutting measure, the pay and benefits offered to contingent workers might differ from those offered to other workers hired part-time as a result of restructuring HRM, then, must discover specifically what these employees want. Is it flexibility in scheduling, autonomy, or the control over one's career destiny that such situations afford that attracts them Or is it just bad luck, and they are forced into this situation (19) Conflict between temporary and permanent workers must be anticipated by human resource management. If the new workers are given more pay or significant schedule flexibility this can cause concern and anger, resulting in a loss of productivity or even employees choosing to quit. A lesson can be learned from studying the massive

Technical Definition and Description Assignment - 2

Technical Definition and Description - Assignment Example The main purpose of production in any petrochemical industry remains the separation of oil, gas and water, which is present in the well stream. While two-phase separators do the job of separating oil and gas, the three components are separated in three phase separators. While two-phase separators are used for separating the liquid content from gas, the three phase ones also separate the water content of the crude from gas and liquid. However, different types of separators used for the phase separation are briefly detailed below. After hitting an inlet diverter, the fluid faces a sudden momentum change that ensures separation of liquid and vapor at this point, in such separators. The liquid droplets fall into the bottom of the vessel due to gravity. A level controller regulates the liquid dump valve, after sensing the change in the level of liquid. While a two-phase separator breaks the fluids of well into gas and liquids, a three-phase one separates incoming oil stream into gas, water and oil. Both processes use horizontal or vertical separators for this purpose. (Oil Field, nd) The reasons for following the separation process include relatively cheaper methods of separating oil and gas, by two-phase separators. As water produced in the process can corrode the piping and equipment, downstream, the third phase, involving water separation, saves such equipment from damage and cost towards replacing it. The well production increases due to reduction in back pressure, which is possible after phase separation. This in-turn reduces the required energy consumption. Phase separators are used to separate gas, oil and water as these components form part of the crude stream coming directly from a well. While the two-phase separators are responsible for separating gas/vapor and liquid, three-phase ones remove free water from such crude oil, along with separation of other two

Academic Report and Financial Calculations 04033 Essay

Academic Report and Financial Calculations 04033 - Essay Example Its appropriateness is examined and the benefit is extracted so as to decipher whether it is acceptable by the company in the present situation (Schlingemann, Stulz and Walkling, 2009; Valipour, Moradi and Farsi, 2012). This is essential for developing a strong business relation between the suppliers and companies. The suppliers should abide the policies that are followed by the company. Similar case is seen in the case study of LJC Ltd. LJC Ltd is fruit and vegetable supplier, who aims at delivering value and good quality handpicked fruits and vegetables to the small retailers. Though it is a family run business, but it has seen success in the past 80 years through their business operation as a constant effort to connect to big companies. LJC Ltd is trying to negotiate with the small supermarket chain known as Co-share for the past twelve months. The deal is to manage the fruit and vegetable packing and distribution of Co-share. Co-share has 160 stores that are operating in South East and Midlands. The company is very strict regarding the business ethics and the fair trade policies. For LJC Ltd, the contract will increase the volume of products, which are managed by the business. In order to assist Co-share in their business, LJC Ltd has to use fair trade products and develop best HR practices such as equality policies and staff development. Project A and B is evaluated for identifying the best project for LJC Ltd. Payback period is the span of time, which is required for recovering cost of investment that is made by a company (Valerie, Cook and Ali, 2010; Marić, Kamberović and Radlovacki, 2011; Amihud and Mendelson, 2010; Arshad, 2012; Easley and O’Hara, 2009). As per Appendix 1a, it is observed that the project A will incur positive cumulative cash flow in the third year. Therefore, payback is calculated on the basis of the positive cash flow that is incurred from the project. The cumulative cash flow at the end of 4th year is  £ 60500. Therefore, by

Further discuss the plan identified in the case assignment Essay

Further discuss the plan identified in the case assignment - Essay Example HCPs are crucial participants in the pursuit to address medical errors. HAIs increase healthcare costs, thereby complicating the issue even more (Robinson, 2010). HCP should engage in constant communication to ensure that risk variables in relation to medical errors are adequately addressed. In so doing, it is possible to work through resolving HAIs problems and medical errors at large. Healthcare facilities should design, formulate and implement procedures that should be followed by patients, caregivers and clinicians. Protocols of observation could also be established to ensure that all risk factors are accounted for inside and outside caregiving facilities. Since HAIs emerge from the healthcare facility environment, such procedures and protocols will ensure that the occurrence of nosocomial infections is minimized or alleviated altogether (Coates, 2004). On the same note, imposing standard precautions in relation to HAIs and other medical errors would be fundamental. Healthcare teams can also design measures and policies that are designed to address HAIs and medical errors problems. Clinicians and bacteriologists can team up to design procedures and/or medical products that act as a preventative measure for HAIs. Hospital directors and employers can design internal mechanisms to address the problem, basically integrating patients in that pursuit. All these team participants should act more cautious in relation to the underlying medical

The Attack on Black Tom Island (Known as Liberty State Park) June Research Paper

The Attack on Black Tom Island (Known as Liberty State Park) June 30th, 1916 - Research Paper Example Introduction The location of Black Tom Island was at the convergence of Upper New York Harbor and the Hudson River, on the New Jersey side of the bay, immediately offshore of Jersey City. Initially, it was actually little more than a forested mudflat. The name of the island accrues from one resident, who resided in the island referred to as Tom. Studies indicate that this dark-skinned inhabited the island for a long time. Around 1880, a there was erected a causeway to link the island to the Jersey shore and the builders also constructed a railroad on the causeway. Expansion also occurred in the island with landfills and there was construction of warehouses and piers. The Lehigh Valley Railroad Company owned and controlled the railway while the National Dock and Storage Company managed the warehouses. The use of these facilities was for shipping all-purpose consignment (Bryant, 2009). Black Tom was approximately 1,200 feet. It encompassed approximately 20 acres, magnitude of roughly 8 00 feet north and south and 1,200 feet east and west. German saboteurs destroyed the Black Tom warehouse before the United States went into World War I (Groundspeak, Inc, 2011). The attack of Black Tom Island and the resulting explosion of July 30, 1916 in New Jersey was an operation of sabotage on American armory supplies by German agents. The German agents did this as a way of preventing their Allies from using such powerful ammunitions in the First World War. The extension that occurred in the Island by use of landfill added up the boundaries of the Island to the limits of Jersey City. The ammunitions majorly stored in the Island came from the northeast (Unsolvedmysteries.com, 2011). The attack was successful since general rules favored the attackers in a great way although technically, America was a neutral nation during the explosion. Many people thought that the major aim of the attack was for the persuasion of the America to join the Allies and arbitrate in the war in Europe (Waronyou.com, 2011). The attack on Black Tom Island Before a 1915 obstruction of the Central Powers by the British Royal Navy, American companies were open to trade their materials to any buyer, but during the time of the attack, Germans were the solitary likely customers. Investigations indicated that during the night of the explosion, there were two million pounds of ammunition stored at the warehouse in cargo vehicles. This included one hundred thousand pounds of TNT on the Johnson Barge No.17, all pending for final delivery to France and Britain (Unsolvedmysteries.com, 2011). Investigations on the explosion also indicate that there was prior planning before the attack. In 1914, immediately after the beginning of war in Europe, the German administration posted a new ambassador in Washington. Count Johann Von Bernstorff came with a group staff not of envoys, but of trained German intelligence operators. In addition, the staff had an abnormally high budget of 150 million dollars. Although the staff carried out normal consular duties, they also guided a system of other agents in the Unites States. They selected targets for damage, and used their funds to purchase materials and bribe officials. In addition, German agents, for instance master spy Franz von Rintelen, endeavored to augment the injuries imposed by their attacks. Von Rintelen invented a volatile charge called a pencil bomb devised to explode when a ship was already out to sea

Planning in the Roman Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning in the Roman Empire - Essay Example The emperor also provided a lot of economic opportunities that people could take advantage of. The emporium faced major problems in maintaining security and peace and in governance. The central government also had devolved a lot of its governance responsibility of local affairs and certain imperial duties to the cities. There was a lot of competition within between the cities in the empire. The competition is evident bearing in mind how the senior citizens competitively vie with each other for recognition by the public and for senior civil posts. Cities also competed with each other to gain honorific titles. However, the competition of the cities was to some extent beneficial to the empire as it fostered decorative and architectural developments as they strove to outdo rival cities in the â€Å"splendor of their public monuments and the variety or their urban facilities†(p122). The competitions also brought other potential dangers. Some building projects which were undertaken in cities like Bithynia were left unfinished. Much of the empire’s resources were concentrated on development. New ideas, techniques, buildings and materials for building were employed in a bid to come up with bigger more impressive buildings. More architectural work was done. The focus of the empire was on transforming the existing cities and fostering growth of cities in the urbanized provinces. Civic planning can achieve various benefits if well done and implemented. On the other hand, if not well planned or implemented, it can end up having a lot of negative results. In the empire, buildings would give a sense of solidarity which was not the situation on the ground as the cities were strong competitors. The buildings were magnificent and beautiful which would also have given a sense of unity in the empire, which was not also the case. Many buildings also had been started

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 37

Nursing research - Essay Example In effect, a higher proportion of BSNs reduces the risks associated with child mortality. It is evident that different organizations and licensure guide professionals in their practice. In effect, some of the guidelines may appear unfair since the guidelines may require different approaches to perform a similar task in different professions. For example, double-checking medicine is more emphasized in nurses than  it is emphasized to doctors. While this practice may seem unfair, it is important to point out that the requirement, which might appear unfair to nurses, is put in place only to ensure the delivery of quality services to patients. On the other hand, it is evident that doctors and nurses undergo different training in med school and nursing school respectively with doctors training being more  intense  than the training for nurses. Hence, the requirement to double-check medicine has a basis on the training that these two different professionals

Traumatic Experiences Faced by Tina Essay Example for Free

Traumatic Experiences Faced by Tina Essay 1.1 Traumatic experiences As a result of her mother’s commitment to her marriage, Tina may experience a wide range of traumatic experiences. As a teenage girl she is predisposed to being violated by the ‘step’ male relatives that she’s living with. In this sense, she faces emotional, physical and psychological abuse at the hands of extended family (Finkerlhor Browne; 1985). The type of foreseen traumatic experiences is mostly aggravated by Tina’s profile and situation in the family. Being a step daughter, whose mother constantly wants to make an effort to embrace the union places her in a disadvantaged angle where either one of her step family members may find her either as a threat or an accessory that can be utilised to his advantage. Looking at this scenario, one cannot rule out the huge possibility being of a sexual nature, this is due to the contemporary social behaviour within family units, where children have become ‘accessories’ to utilise for adults pleasure. Tina’s mother and her new union could be the beginning of Tina’s worst nightmare. A chain of traumatic events could arise from just one form of abuse, for arguments sake let’s take sexual abuse and unpack it to its worst possible chain of events. After being sexually abused by either one of her step family members, Tina’s could contract a sexually transmitted disease; she could fall pregnant and maybe be forced to go through an abortion because of fear of stigma and lack of support from her mother and extended family. Alternatively, Tina could end up deciding to commit suicide due to feeling trapped, alone and depressed. 1.2 1.2.1 Effects of Child Abuse Child abuse has been conceptualised by a lot of scholars in various ways, this has either distorted or diminished the intensity of its effects in children. I feel that how one conceptualises child abuse should capture the exact effects and aggravated meaning it holds for its sufferers. This is a broad concept that when narrowed gives birth to various other concepts that encompass children’s victimization. Hence, for the purpose of Tina’s case, I have adopted the meaning that was captured in a study conducted within the Nigerian region. This not only gives Tina’s story relevance but it also engages with the same factors that affect an African teenager within the boundaries of a family unit is subjected to. Hence Akhilomen sees child abuse as ‘an intentional or neglectful physical or emotional injury imposed on a child’ (2006). As mentioned above, Tina could be perceived as a threat or an outsider by either one of her ‘step’ family members and that could lead to emotional and physical abuse such as neglect, she could be rejected and side-lined by her family members. As culture dictates, women are expected to leave their ‘a bustard† child with their families when they start new families, Tina is then automatically subjected to such unspoken discrimination within the family. She may be at a disadvantage of favourism of the brother because he is the husband’s son; this making it an emotional injury and also the possibility of verbal and physical abuse arises. Children who suffer abuse within families are said to show certain behavioural traits in society or any other groups they were initially involved in before the abuse. Suffering from the above-mentioned forms of abuse could raise feelings of sadness, anger, betrayal, unworthiness and children will soon be withdrawn from social scene (Finkerlhor Browne; 1985). 1.2.2 Effects of Sexual abuse â€Å"The National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN) describes sexual abuse as contacts or interactions between a child and an adult when the child is being used for the sexual stimulation of the adult† (Kempe Kempe; 1987 in Schoeman; 2013: 63). This conceptualisation finds relevance in Tina’s case as she is used for her step brother’s stimulation and benefit for sexual pleasure. Sexual abuse has four traumatic impacts in a child’s life; these are discussed from a clinical and socio-cultural view. Finkelhor and Browne (1985) came up with a conceptualization that could be used in research and treatment of sexual abuse victims. This is targeting people in pastoral roles away from the family unit where children are exposed to these stressors; in this case Tina confiding in her teacher is the first step to acknowledging teachers as social activists. These are labelled as the four traumagenic dynamics and they are impacts that alter children’s cognitive and emotional orientation to the world and create trauma by distorting children’s self-concept, world view and effective capacities (1985). †¢ Traumatic sexualisation Refers to a process in which a child’s sexuality is shaped in a developmentally inappropriate and interpersonally dysfunctional fashion as a result of sexual abuse. This stage consists of feelings towards the offender; it affects the ‘trust’ aspect of the relationship as this case is an intra-familial encounter. This is where more behavioural signs are seen, Tina will feel a disruption in her normal mental functioning. She will seem sad, confused and eventually she will withdraw from her ‘normal’ self. This is the first sign that people close to her will be able to notice a disruption in her life. †¢ Powerlessness Powerlessness impairs a child sense of efficacy, a reaction to this stage will be fear and anxiety and total loss of control in situations that resemble the abuse (Finkerlhor Browne; 1985) (Schoeman; 2012-2014). As noted in the scenario, Tina already feels like going back home is like being in a trapped hole where she has no control over what happens to her. She fears for her life, she feels more like an object to her brother than a family member †¢ Betrayal This refers to a stage in a victim’s life where a number of reactions are noted, during this stage, they suffer feelings of grief and depression. This is coupled with feelings of hostility and anger in young girls of Tina’s age. Distrust may manifest itself in isolation and fear and resentment of males which at a later stage affects their ability to engage in healthy heterosexual relationships (Finkerlhor Browne; 1985). Tina’s feelings towards her mother; as the person that subjected her to this; she feels †¢ Stigmatization Lastly, given the feelings her mother has towards Tina and their previous experience with her father, Tina will most definitely be stigmatised by the family and initially her mother as she has dismissed her attempts to report the case. This will affect Tina’s ability to trust and depend on her mother as she has deliberately failed to protect her (Schoeman; 2012-2014). She will have feelings of resentment towards her mother as she will feel she subjected her to this; by constantly forcing her to make effort to accept her new family. This is validated by my initial statement about cultural expectations with bustard children; Tina will not get support from anyone in her circle of family as her mother will be accused of bringing this misfortune to herself. These negative connotations will not only affect the mother but Tina as well as these feelings are associated with suicide attempts and other self-destruction behaviours. 1.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Fig 1.3.1 [pic] †¢ Safety Needs Tina’s sexual abuse has distorted her normal view and perception of the world and the people in it. This has ‘burst her safety bubble’ she no longer feels safe in anyone’s company because her mother, being the one person to protect her has failed to do so. This has crashed her emotional and psychological link to the mother and world she looks up to. †¢ Love/Belonging Feelings of powerlessness and betrayal have left her feeling that she does not belong anywhere in the world. People whose love needs have been destroyed lose their sense of being worthy and belonging to society and hence the sky rocketing statistics of suicide amongst teenagers of Tina’s age (McLeod; 2007). Tina may feel that her mother’s pressure to make an effort to the family has caused her all this pain and trauma and she may conclude that she does not love her or she chooses her new family instead of her. This eventually leads to rejection and feelings of worthlessness. This will affect her ability to engage in healthy heterosexual intimate relationships as she grows older, her ability to establish and maintain friendships will also be affected as she loses trust in people. †¢ Esteem Needs A child whose esteem needs have been destroyed will find difficulty perceiving herself as a normal worthy and valued individual. It affects person from obtaining a higher level of self-esteem or self-respect (McLeod; 2007).Children who are sexually abused usually turn to worse measures to deal with the inadequacy they feel inside. SECTION 2 2.1 Counselling versus Support for Learning Problems †¢ Counselling Defined as a facilitative process where the counsellor uses specific skills to help young people help themselves more effectively (Gillis; 1997). This facilitative process entails giving ‘common sense’ advice and it extends the teacher-learner, parent-child relationship. Counselling is a more emotional than logical process of problem solving, in this sense, the counsellor has to be more aware of the children’s’ perspective of things and be able to come up with an interactive plan to help that child cope and solve the problem at hand. Counselling provides the child with a chance for growth and change. In this instance, Tina needs her teachers, peer educators and mostly her mother to help her find a way to address and deal with the abuse in her life. †¢ Counselling versus Learning Problem âž ¢ Conceptualization: Learning problems refer to the difficulty faced by children in partaking to academic/educational activities. These may be unpacked as limitations to comprehension of study content as well as reading and writing (Schoeman; 2012-14). This is characterised by the inability to engage in class activities or carry out academic tasks like other children, these are then regarded as learning problems which; given the availability of professional help, the teachers may have to intervene and help. Counselling is a facilitative process where the counsellor uses specific skills to help young people help themselves more effectively (Gillis; 1997). This facilitative process entails giving ‘common sense’ advice and it extends the teacher-learner, parent-child relationship. Counselling is a more emotional than logical process of problem solving, in this sense, the counsellor has to be more aware of the children’s’ perspective of things and be able to come up with an interactive plan to help that child cope and solve the problem at hand. âž ¢ Order/Method of Practice The approach or method of addressing these two roles differs regarding the needs of the child as well expectation of performance from the person in the pastoral role. Counselling entails the use of emotional relations into facilitation to helping the children become better problem solvers. There are certain skills that are required from the person who takes on the counselling role. This then dictates the order or manner in which the counsellor can create a condusive environment for the children. In these one may include the categories for counselling responses. These are namely; evaluating, interpreting, supporting/reassuring, questioning/probing, advice, communication, verbal and non-verbal responses and silence. These are all broken down to give a scope of the ‘know how’ of counselling. Learning support is a different ball game when it comes to going about it. Here the teacher has to take into consideration the state of being of the child, have full understanding of the problem and its dynamics. Schoeman (2012-2014) provides a list of guidelines that teachers are to follow in order to effectively assist children with learning problems. These guidelines are as follows: keep sessions short, meet regularly with the learner, sessions should be highly structured, keep anxiety levels at minimum, focus on specific issues being addressed and keep morale high. 2.2 Trauma and its Effects on Tina’s life Trauma implies intense emotional wounding that may comprise of bodily wounds, it entails the wounding of a person’s emotion, spirit, will to live, beliefs about themselves and the world, dignity and sense of security (Matsakis; 1996 in Schoeman; 2012-2014). It refers to â€Å"any negative event that causes an individual to re-experience an earlier traumatic event so that the current event somehow becomes as traumatic as, or at least strongly reminiscent of, the earlier event must itself be regarded as traumatic† (Urman, Funk Elliot; 2001:403-4). The trauma suffered by Tina is unpacked to various stages of response and feelings, amongst these, one has noticed recurring processes as to those described for the purposes of sexual abuse, and as a result, this section will only address the retaliation feelings from Tina. In this sense, Tina’s story will be addressed according to Lewis’ three traumatic phases of response (1995:15-16). These are namely the impact phase, the recoil phase and the re-integration phase. †¢ Impact Phase This stage can last from a few seconds to days immediately after the trauma, Matsakis continues to state that the victim may appear emotionally disorientated, confused irrational and disorganised (1996:34-5). At this point Tina will need comfort and reassurance from her adult figures and pastoral actors such as her teachers. At this stage assurance, comfort and love are the key things she needs from people around her. †¢ Recoil Phase According to Lewis, this is the reality phase (1995:15). Tina will experience feelings of sadness, guilt and anger. At this point in her life, Tina will have developed feelings of post-traumatic stress resulting from a constant reminder or reality and flashbacks from her sexual incident. †¢ Re-integration This phase holds Tina captivated in her own mental and psychological body as she eventually assimilates this horrible experience as part of her life. She however slowly learns to reintegrate herself with people, this is her body’s way of trying to heal and overcome the traumatic experience. Here she will show enthusiasm to reconnect with people the way she did before the trauma (Lewis; 1999:16). 2.3 Parental Involvement versus Parental Counselling It has been established that children who suffer any form of abuse need the support of their elderly people to overcome the effects of the traumatic experiences. Amongst the people who can provide this form of support are parents and teachers. As a result it is important to note the angle in which parents can be included in the programs for assisting children. âž ¢ Parental Counselling This form of support is addressed to the parents as primary caregivers to the children with learning difficulties. In this support programme parents are taught how to handle and give support to their children as a form of partnership with the teachers in managing the problem a child may be facing. The focal point lies in this form of problem being intrinsic and more emotional for both the parent and child. In some cases parents suffer from ignorance and fail to understand or even identify the problem (Schoeman; 2012-2014). It is in this sense that parental counselling becomes useful. âž ¢ Parental Involvement Parental involvement need not only to be for the formal meetings with the school authorities but Schoeman (2012-2014) notes that parents should be involved in all that involves their children within the school. Amongst these activities; school learning and intervention programmes, they should be involved in teaching their children in particular skills that can be useful to their development. Their involvement in cultural and sport activities not only benefits the child but the entire school benefits from an involved parent. 2.4 Tina’s Intervention It is important for school teachers to be familiar with the mandated reporting laws and know to what agency they should report suspected sexual abuse (most often, Child Protective Services). To prevent Tina from feeling betrayed after she has confided sexual abuse, teachers must first get approval from the child to get the authorities and other institutions involved to resolve the matter. Remedial intervention comprises of six principles of practice (Schoeman; 2012-2014). In these the teacher will have to design a detailed and proper planned learning strategy for Tina. Tina needs patience as a result; I find it relevant to employ attention to basic skill, motivation and evaluation principles into practice. In this I feel helping Tina will require more time in between school breaks and maybe after classes to establish a proper workable strategy for individual treatment. The first step to reporting this incident will be to alert the school support system and the governing body of this situation. This will happen with Tina’s consent. The school governing body and committee will then summon Tina’s mother to school to make her aware of the problem as well as of Tina’s attempts to report the abuse. After this meeting, a decision to further report the police will be tabled and a decision will be reached to act in the benefit of the victim. After the formalities have been dealt with, Tina and her mother will be taken to a community wellness centre for children and get counselling as they have to get help with living beyond this abuse. Tina will continue to get remedial treatment in class until she shows signs of reintegration. Reference list Akhilomen, D.O (2006) Addressing Child Abuse in Southern Nigeria: The role of the Church. Studies in World Christianity, Vol 12(3) pp235-248. Available at http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0type=summaryurl=journals/studies_in_world_ch.. [Date Accessed 10th August 2013] Finkelhor, D Browne, A ( 1985) The Traumatic Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: A conceptualisation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol 55(4). Available at http://univerityofnewhemisphere.ac.za. [Date Accessed 10th August 2013] Harley, K., Barasa, F., Bertram, C., Mattson, E. Pillay, S (2000) â€Å"The real and the ideal†: Teacher roles and competencies in South African policy and practice. International Journal of Education Development Vol 20(2000) pp 287-304. Available at http://ukzn.ac.za.[Date Accessed 10th August 2013] McLeod, S. A. (2007). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html Schoeman, S (ed) (2012-2014) The educator in a pastoral role. University of South Africa

Supply Chain Management in Emerging Markets

Supply Chain Management in Emerging Markets Emerging markets are nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. Facing pressures to cut costs, especially labor and materials, companies have been turning to emerging markets for facility locations. As a result, the supply chains have become increasingly global and complex, creating risk at every level of product development, manufacturing, and distribution. The problem lies not with capacity, but with protection of intellectual property rights, maintaining component quality and compliance with international trade regulations. Emerging markets can bring a company closer to suppliers and raw materials, cutting transit time but breaking into new markets in countries with little experience of manufacturing the components required is the ultimate challenge for a supply chain manager. The International Financial Corporation coined the emerging market term (more specifically: Emerging Financial Markets) in 1981, to describe certain countries. The term has expanded in meaning to reflect business opportunities in countries with social or business activity in the process of: Rapid growth Industrialization In pursuit of new opportunities and lower cost operations, companies are creating complex global networks. Impact on supply chain planning and management has been significant. Increased volatility and uncertainty of supply chains require: Greater flexibility and forecasting capability Sophisticated understanding of emerging markets Ability to assess and manage both risks and opportunities A number of universities and business schools have undertaken research to study and understand various aspects of Emerging Markets. It is difficult to make a list of emerging, developing and developed markets; the best guides tend to be investment information like The Economist or market index makers (such as Morgan Stanley Capital International). FTSE Group, a provider of economic and financial data, distinguishes between various markets on the basis of their national income and the development of their market infrastructure and assigns the market status of countries on the basis of their economic size, wealth, quality of markets, depth of markets and breadth of markets. Many companies want to benefit from emerging markets sourcing but often neglect to build integrated business processes to manage the added complexity in the supply chain, and fail to connect various corporate functions in managing both short-term and long-term business needs. Integrated Supply Chain Planning Coordinating product development, supply chain and sales and marketing activities that are oceans and time zones apart has become more difficult as supply chain operations become more fragmented with continued globalization. An integrated approach to supply chain management will go a long way in overcoming the difficulties. Integrated Supply Chain Planning is the coordinated planning of activities that occur over time in order to forecast, procure, manufacture and distribute goods across the extended supply chain, from supplier to consumer. Figure 1 shows various elements of integrated supply chain planning at strategy, tactical and execution levels. Figure 1 Source: Conference Board Webcast The Endless Search for Advantage: Supply Chain in Emerging Markets, October/November 2010 Management Challenges in Emerging Markets Supply chain management in emerging markets presents a number of management challenges generally not faced in domestic markets. Table 1 lists various management challenges faced in emerging markets. These challenges have been categorized as communication, cultural, safety security, corruption, delivery, financial and quality. Category Management Challenges Communication Language differences and understanding Expertise differences and nomenclature Systems compatibility Time zone differences Cultural Timing of Holidays and needing to conduct business Understanding of cultural nuances; Level of urgency Infrastructure(roads, ports, telecom, energy availability) Safety Security Government requirements, Port safety Personal safety Personnel safety; Criminal element Fire safety and response Raw Materials Safety Corruption Patent and IP protection Bribery, insidious inside activity Law enforcement issues; Legal ramifications Suppliers who become competitors Delivery Vendor compliance; reliability vs. culture Manufacturing, transport lead-times and reliability Amount of embedded transit time Financial Foreign exchange effect on Supply Chain Mobility of plant assets Supplier stability Quality Product testing Table 1 Source: Conference Board Webcast The Endless Search for Advantage: Supply Chain in Emerging Markets, October/November 2010 Among US companies over $1 billion, 73% experienced supply chain disruptions in the last 5 years (2009 Center for Supply Chain Research). Key Risks in Managing Supply Chains in Emerging Markets Global operations, while helping to achieve cost savings and market penetration, undoubtedly are accompanied by risk. Supply chains in emerging markets, where a whole series of risks are present, are specially challenged to plan, design and implement sophisticated strategies to manage and mitigate risk. Supply chain risk is a complex equation of risks that a business encounters between raw material extraction and final product delivery. From supplier selection, to paying customs charges, to hiring or firing, supply chain managers should consider all aspects of risk while considering emerging markets. Risk is defined from a practitioners standpoint as having specific financial impact. There often exists a distinct boundary between supply chain risk and financial risk in decision making processes, yet the two will naturally impact one another. Key supply chain management risks include: Trade Risk Trade risks include regulatory compliance, specifically dealing with the export and import of goods. Trade risk factors include customs valuation, trade regulations, anti-dumping, free trade agreements and export licensing. Political Risk Political risks include political instability, religious tensions, bureaucracy and inter-state conflict. Economic Risk Inflation can adversely affect the supply chain in many ways; rising prices in fuel incur higher transportation costs, rising food prices cause labor prices to rise, and both can compound to erode the financial health of operations in emerging markets. Operational Risk Operational risks occur in the day to day execution of the business, including labor, intellectual property, supply disruptions, commodity price volatility, internal product failures, and energy costs. Geophysical Risk Supply chains are exposed to several kinds of risks. Poor infrastructure and high levels of congestion can impede distribution and natural disasters can result in significant disruptions in sourcing operations. Risk Management Considerations There are many risk management considerations when entering emerging markets. The ability to effectively manage these risks directly impacts success of supply chain strategy implementation. Some of these considerations are: Social compliance and responsibility Intellectual property management Management of multi-cultures and multinationals Internal stakeholders/clients engagement skills On schedule quality delivery Disaster recovery plans Alternative manufacturing sites Table 2 shows potential mitigation options for various risk areas. Risk Area Potential Mitigation Options Limited infrastructure, creating potential delays in moving materials / products in and out of a market. Create partnerships with Logistics providers who understand the local marketplace. Appropriate inventory investments to compensate delays. Reduced (loss) of inventory visibility to in-transit raw materials and / or finished product. Create an integrated Supply Chain management strategy that aligns partners to create inventory visibility. Invest in technology to create the required visibility. Create incentives for suppliers to meet your expectations. Significant fluctuations in demand Use technology to create baseline forecasts and adjust to local market knowledge. Appropriate inventory investments to protect against significant delays in product arriving in market. Aggressive response to market entry by your competitors. Expect a response Game potential competitive response to your entry. Take appropriate action. Understand your vulnerabilities and take require actions to mitigate. Table 2 Source: Conference Board Webcast The Endless Search for Advantage: Supply Chain in Emerging Markets, October/November 2010 Global Logistics for Strategic Advantage in Emerging Markets To leverage opportunities in emerging markets, companies must transition or expand from managing logistics in a limited number of local geographies to managing them in emerging market geographies worldwide in a very efficient, agile manner that supports the responsiveness and flexibility associated with an on-demand Business. Companies can leverage specific approaches to transforming their global logistics capabilities and better support the business goals of lower cost sourcing or fulfillment by taking advantage of emerging market jurisdictions. In transforming logistics operations, companies have gained performance benefits from a strategic focus on logistics. The capabilities developed during transformation effort enables them to realize benefits with emerging market operations. In order to address the challenges of leveraging emerging markets as a cost reducing, and eventually, a profit-boosting strategy, companies are finding that they need to develop a strategy for managing logistics that can support multiple service-level requirements. As one element of such a logistics strategy, companies need to determine how, where and to what extent the services of logistics suppliers should be engaged. There are several logistics management options to consider before entering a new or emerging market. One end of the spectrum involves developing extensive multifunction logistics talent within the company, and then managing specific tactical activities and numerous contracts with logistics suppliers that provide narrowly defined services within a specific region or country. Pitfalls include the time it takes to develop or recruit the necessary level of logistics talent and leadership and the administrative cost of managing dozens, if not hundreds, of logistics suppliers. The key to managing global logistics is to enable the companys supply chain with the capability to efficiently unplug from one location or operating scenario, and enter a new or emerging market location. This capability will be both a strategic requirement and a competitive advantage, as long as worldwide business, economic and socio-political variables remain dynamic. Enabling this strategic capability requires cross-function process design, technology integration, and subject matter expertise ranging from network optimization, logistics contract and operations management to global trade and compliance management. This level of orchestration and collaboration is very scalable when merged seamlessly with a global governance model and strategically oriented leadership. Competitive advantage can be realized as the logistic transformation can prevent rising costs and complexities from eroding the benefits of global sourcing strategy. The advantages of a strategic approach to logistics are broad and can result in a significant increase in shareholder value. In fact, managing logistics costs, service-level lead times and overall supply chain security is critical to marketplace competitiveness. Greening the Supply Chain in Emerging Markets The term Greening the Supply Chain has emerged to describe a wide variety of actions that companies are taking to achieve greater performance rigor and operational control over extended supply chains. Greening the Supply Chain initiatives in emerging markets are part of a process for implementing a sustainable development plan aimed at achieving improved environmental performance; increasing efficiencies in the use of energy, water, other natural resources or raw materials; reducing the environmental and societal impact of business operations upon local communities and globally; and expanding economic and quality of life enhancing opportunities that result from the business activities. To maximize effectiveness, Greening the Supply Chain initiatives should not exist separate from the mainstream activities of the business. Rather, they should be fully integrated with and reflect the core value proposition of the business strategy. They should yield measurable results that are part of an integrated business-sustainability plan. The business value propositions for seeking to achieve a greener supply chain in emerging markets include the following: Mitigation of business risks Reducing risks to the business from current environmental factors or responding to expectations of future controls on carbon emissions or other substances can both advance learning and increase the operational integrity of business processes across the supply chain to create business value. Reduction in costs At a time of rising costs from energy consumption and other resource and raw material inputs, companies have more direct incentives to improve the efficiencies of a variety of operating processes. Motivation of suppliers Implementation of sustainability initiatives creates an opportunity to further focus and rationalize supply chains by eliminating low performers and focusing on a fewer number of suppliers that can meet more rigorous sustainability performance criteria while meeting the needs of the marketplace. Preservation of business continuity Green supply chain initiatives that focus on energy efficiency and other aspects of sustainability can buffer business processes from such disruption while contributing to emission reductions. Market access enhancement Companies seeking to manage their demand for resources e.g. water, food supply etc. while reconciling the needs of society will obtain greater long-term control over their business strategy by combining business process innovation with solutions to societal problems. Success Factors Supply Chain Management in Emerging Markets For managing supply chains in emerging markets successfully, it is imperative that the approach taken be made an integral part of the overall corporate strategy. An opportunistic, price driven approach will capture low-hanging fruits but a structured approach will deliver results on a sustained basis. Here is a list of factors to succeed in managing supply chains in emerging markets: Developing business processes to integrate the needs of an integrated supply chain Developing a strategy to protect intellectual property and meeting the needs and expectations of customers Performing extensive due diligence while choosing suppliers Considering total cost of ownership and not just material cost Developing a business continuity plan Making logistics management in emerging markets a strategic component of the business strategy Selecting leading logistics service providers who can effectively integrate functions, processes, and business partners As companies look to mitigate supply chain risk, they should incorporate both non-economic and economic factors into their decisions. Assessing the risk, attaching a financial impact to potential disruptions, and establishing a clear strategy that addresses supply chain risk will set the parameters for selecting a location in an emerging market. Country analysis should be an ongoing process, using both up-to-date statistics and historical trends. Emerging markets sourcing aimed at cost-cutting alone is a thing of the past. Quality, efficiency and effectiveness of global sourcing operations now differentiate competitors. But, profitability is being squeezed by unprecedented cost pressures from customers with their own capabilities and suppliers facing higher costs. To succeed in emerging markets sourcing, it is imperative that the approach taken be made a core part of the overall corporate strategy. To achieve the best overall supply chain performance and success in competitive global marketplace, companies need to address capabilities of people, processes and technology areas and integrate all elements of the extended supply chain. About This Report The material in this report is based on discussions and presentations from a meeting of The Conference Board Asia-Pacific Supply Chain Council that took place in Shanghai in May 2010 and The Conference Board Webcast on The Endless Search for Advantage: Supply Chain in Emerging Markets which took place in October and November 2010. About The Author Vipin Suri is program director for The Conference Board Supply Chain Council and The Conference Board Functional Excellence and Shared Business Services Council in the Asia-Pacific region. As a management consultant in shared services for the past nine years, he has assisted several companies in Asia-Pacific and North America in reviewing the effectiveness of their business support functions and implementing shared services. Prior to becoming a management consultant in 2002, Suri was Vice president, shared business services for BHP Billiton in Australia. Prior to that he had held several senior positions in MA, customer service, network services and asset management, and shared services during his 26 years at Ontario Hydro in Canada. Suri is a doctoral degree candidate in shared services at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. About The Conference Board The Conference Board is a global, independent business membership and research association working in the public interest. Our mission is unique: to provide the worlds leading organizations with the practical knowledge they need to improve their performance and better serve society. The Conference Board creates and disseminates knowledge about management and the marketplace, conducts research, convenes conferences, makes forecasts, assesses trends, publishes information and analysis, and brings executives together to learn from one another. The Conference Board is a not-for-profit organization holding 501 (c) (3) tax-exempt status in the United States.

Vaid’s Liberal Argument :: Research Papers

Vaid’s Liberal Argument Andrew Sullivan and Urvashi Vaid are two of the most prolific advocates of homosexual equality. Urvashi Vaid's book, Virtual Equality, argues that homosexuals are living as if they are equal to heterosexuals when in fact homosexuals are still treated unfairly and need to seek true liberation. Sullivan's book, Virtually Normal, examines several different political groups and their differing beliefs concerning how society should deal with homosexuality. The arguments expressed in Vaid's book suggest that Sullivan would categorize her into chapter four of Virtually Normal, entitled, â€Å"The Liberals.† It becomes evident that Vaid is neither a Prohibitionist, Liberationist, Conservative, nor an advocate of Sullivan's ideal politics. Sullivan would categorize Vaid into the Liberal category because her ideals concerning societal education, anti-discrimination laws, and individual freedom match those of Liberal politics. Though Vaid may share the same goals as other political group s, her methods of achieving these goals are definitely Liberal. Vaid's argument does not fit Sullivan's Prohibitionist category. Prohibitionists, according to Sullivan, believe that homosexuality goes against the grain of both Christianity and natural law. Homosexuality, the Prohibitionists believe, is deemed morally wrong in the bible, and should be denounced as well as punished. Sullivan writes: â€Å"It is that homosexuality is an aberration and that homosexual acts are an abomination† (20). Sullivan goes on to write: â€Å"Drawing on Aristotle's conception of normative nature, Aquinas theorized that all human beings had a single fundamental nature†¦According to Aquinas, all human beings' sexuality is linked to procreation†¦This is what sexual activity is for† (32). The above thinking is what Prohibitionists call natural law. Each being has a natural function, and, for humans, that function is to reproduce. Here, it would be wrong for people to have sex without the intention to reproduce. Since there is no reproduction involved in homosexual sex, Prohibitionists denounce homosexuality. Though Vaid herself may be a homosexual, it is her argument and not her identity that suggests that she could not be placed into the category of Prohibitionist. Vaid writes: â€Å"At its core, this right-wing movement rejects the two-hundred-year-old experiment of American pluralism and, in its place, proposes a Christian state, a theocracy. Right-wing leaders and organizations explicitly reject democratic values like tolerance, dissent, individual freedom, and compromise† (307). Vaid believes that the religious right, a proponent of Prohibitionist politics, is against diversity, democracy, and equality. For this reason, Sullivan would not categorize Vaid's argument in the Prohibitionist category.

Violent Crimes and Attacks on American Campuses Essay -- Criminal Just

In the last decade, concern has grown about the number of violent crimes and attacks taking place on American campuses. The increase in youth violent behavior in the United States is an insidious crisis of epidemic magnitude (Satcher, 2002). This statement demonstrates the increasing concern with youth aggression and violence. Of greater concern in recent years has been the violent and aggressive offenses seen among female students (Ness, 2004). Recently, school districts have been plagued by youth violence and aggression. For years, studies of aggressive behavior have focused on the explicit, offensive, physical aggressive behaviors displayed primarily in males (Jones, 2008). However, youth violence and aggression perpetrated by adolescent girls has been on the rise in recent years (Jones, 2008). These concerns have given rise to a new body of research focused on the aggressive nature of girls. Researchers suggest that girls who engage in aggression have many other social and academ ic problems. They also suggest that relational aggression is the equivalent to physical aggression, violence, and bullying (Chesney-Lind, Morash, Irwin, 2007). With the onset of many new rules and zero-tolerance programs, students are immediately taken out of the classroom for disruptive and inappropriate behavior (Adams, 2000). This causes students to lose valuable instructional time. In turn, aggressive behavior has been linked to subordinate academic outcomes, an increase in absenteeism, and lower graduation rates (Loveland, Lounsbury, Welsh, & Buboltz, 2007). Statement of the Problem Recent research has seen an increase in female aggressiveness (Jones, 2008). Much of the research on aggression has focused on relational aggression, a form of agg... ...in, Tobin, Sprague, Sugai, & Vincent, 2004). Suspensions: â€Å"A disciplinary sanction that requires the student to be excluded from the school building for a specified period of time† (Christle, Nelson, & Jolivette, 2004, p. 1). Expulsions: form of discipline that removes the student completely from the school system. Students have the opportunity to go through a hearing and have due process (Skiba & Sprague, 2008). Preparatory Academy: program designed to offer high school students who are overage for grade the opportunity to advance their studies in order to complete high school (Henry, 2008). E-school: program designed to allow students to meet the necessary requirements for high school by completing online courses after school (Henry, 2008). Zero-tolerance: policies that punish all offenses severely, no matter how minor the offense (Skiba & Peterson, 2000).

Options Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Options   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As early as 1000 B.C., we can see an early sign of options. According to the Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, Thales the Philosopher knew from the stars that there would be a great olive harvest. Thales did not have much money, but was able to purchase options for the use of olive presses. When the harvest arrived he was able to rent the presses at a substantial profit. Thales speculation on the harvest allowed for him to purchase rights to the presses. He could then exercise his rights if his speculations on the harvest were correct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An option is a contract giving the buyer the right to buy or sell an asset at a specific price for a limited time. An option is a contract between the buyer and seller with defined parameters. The asset that is bought or sold is called the underlying. This underlying asset could be a commodity, a futures contract, or stock. The seller gives the buyer the rights for a sum of money called a premium. The price that the underlying right is bought or sold at is called the exercise price. The two types of Options are Calls and Puts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When an option gives the buyer the right to purchase underlying assets from a writer is called a call option. The call option is the most straightforward strategy for capitalizing on an anticipated increase in the price of the underlying asset. The investor that buys a call option is said to be in a long call position. An investor that believes the price of an underlying asset will decline or remain the same, can if his speculations are correct, realize income by selling a call option. The seller is said to be in a short call position.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the purchaser of an option has the right to sell the underlying asset the option is called a put option. With a put option you can insure an asset by locking in a selling price. If the price of the underlying falls you can exercise your option and sell it at the locked in price. If the price of the underlying asset increases then you would not exercise your right and the only cost incurred is the premium paid for the option. The investor that purchases a put option is said to long put position. The investor that can earn income buy selling a put is said to be in a short put position.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The people that buy ... ... However, if understood they can be very useful. They are excellent tools for hedging and lowering risk as well as investments for profit. The option market allows for two types of transactions to be exercised at the same time; buying and selling the options and being able to sell the underlying asset holdings. The Option Clearing Corporation makes sure that these day to day option trading runs smoothly. These reason are why options are a good alternative to other security trading. The Wonderful World of Options   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brealey, Myers, Marcus, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fischer Robert, Stocks or Options? Programs for profit. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fabozzi Frank, Zarb Frank, Handbook of Financial Markets 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stewart Joseph, Dynamic Stock Option Trading 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chicago Board Options exchange- Web site-

Country Lovers Essay

A story of forbidden love on a South African farm, one child nothing more than a farm worker, as the other one prepares for boarding school. Both ignorant to the color of their skins, all they knew they were best friends playing together until they grew up and then it was not allowed. But when Paulus turns fifteen and goes to school things start to change he begins to realize the difference between boys and girls, and then the consequences behind his actions, but then it’s too late to turn back. What drew me into this story was the title country lovers, and then the forbidden love on a South African farm I wanted to see what it was about, curios to know if it was about two people of different races falling in love, creating racial relationships in a place that forbid it. And that was exactly what it was, two kids playing together as kids, a boy white and girl black, everyday playing on his father’s farm. What I couldn’t understand was why they were able to play as kids but not be able to socialize when they got older. If it was because of racial boundaries, why not keep them apart even when they are kids, then it wouldn’t be so confusing. The literary term and concept that best describes they way I am feeling about this would be Imagination because it expresses how the author was feeling about racial differences and allows the reader to feel what the author is writing about. I am using the Reader – Response approach to analyze my story because it asks you to connect with the literature, and find a personal link or imaginative entry into a story. And that is what this author makes you do. While reading this story I had a lot of different emotions like why did he change when he went to school, but when he came home he was with thebedi. Even though he met people at school whose family’s was prosperous famer’s? He still was bringing gifts to thebedi, she making gifts for him and both lying about where they came from and why. They had been sneaking around for months, so when she was eighteen and the farmer’s son was nineteen he left for veterinary college, Njabulo’s parents asked Thebedi’s parents to marry their son and they agreed on it, not telling Paulus or Njabulo that she might be pregnant. When the baby was born looked nothing like Njabulo, but he still was going to take care of her as if she was his own. This would be Satire because he should feel anger but instead he is willing to take care of her. My thinking didn’t change because in that time that’s what happens when two different races mix and have children, I just thank god it’s not like that now to the extreme it was then. Because I love people for who they are not because of where they come from. Because of the author’s background growing up in South Africa I can understand why she feels this way, they have different traditions and beliefs. This was a very good story; I enjoyed reading it and feeling what they were going through.

Investigatory Project “ Kaymito Leaves Decoction as Antiseptic Mouthwash ” Essay

Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement Fractures are prevalent in natural and synthetic structural media, even in the best engineered materials. We find fractures in bedrock, in sandstone aquifers and oil reservoirs, in clay layers and even in unconsolidated materials (Figures 1.1 to 1.4). Fractures are also common in concrete, used either as a structural material or as a liner for storage tanks (Figure 1.5). Clay liners used in landfills, sludge and brine disposal pits or for underground storage tanks can fracture, releasing their liquid contents to the subsurface (Figure 1.6). Even â€Å"flexible† materials such as asphalt fracture with time (Figure 1.7). The fact that fractures are inevitable has led to spending billions of research dollars to construct â€Å"safe† long-term (10,000 years or more) storage for high-level nuclear waste (Savage, 1995; IAEA, 1995), both to determine which construction techniques are least likely to result in failure and what are the implications of a failure, in terms of release to the environment and potential contamination of ground water sources or exposure of humans to high levels of radioactivity. Why do materials fail? In most cases, the material is flawed from its genesis. In crystalline materials, it may be the inclusion of one different atom or molecule in the structure of the growing crystal, or simply the juncture of two crystal planes. In depositional materials, different grain types and sizes may be laid down, resulting in layering which then becomes the initiation plane for the fracture. Most materials fail because of mechanical stresses, for example the weight of the overburden, or heaving (Atkinson, 1989; Heard et al., 1972). Some mechanical stresses are applied constantly2 until the material fails, others are delivered in a sudden event. Other causes of failure are thermal stresses, drying and wetting cycles and chemical dissolution. After a material fractures, the two faces of the fracture may be subject to additional stresses which either close or open the fracture, or may subject it to shear. Other materials may temporarily or permanently deposit in the fracture, partially or totally blocking it for subsequent fluid flow. The fracture may be almost shut for millions of years, but if the material becomes exposed to the surface or near surface environment, the resulting loss of overburden or weathering may allow the fractures to open. In some cases, we are actually interested in introducing fractures in the subsurface, via hydraulic (Warpinski, 1991) or pneumatic fracturing (Schuring et al., 1995), or more powerful means, to increase fluid flow in oil reservoirs or at contaminated sites. Our particular focus in this study is the role that fractures play in the movement of contaminants in the subsurface. Water supply from fractured bedrock aquifers is common in the United States (Mutch and Scott, 1994). With increasing frequency contaminated fractured aquifers are detected (NRC, 1990). In many cases, the source of the contamination is a Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) which is either in pools or as residual ganglia in the fractures of the porous matrix. Dissolution of the NAPL may occur over several decades, resulting in a growing plume of dissolved contaminants which is transported through the fractured aquifer due to natural or imposed hydraulic gradients. Fractures in aquitards may allow the seepage of contaminants, either dissolved or in their own phase, into water sources. Fluid flow in the fractured porous media is of significance not only in the context of contaminant transport, but also in the production of oil from reservoirs, the generation of steam for power from geothermal reservoirs, and the prediction of structural integrity or failure of large geotechnical structures, such as dams or foundations. Thus, the results of this study have a wide range of applications. The conceptual model of a typical contaminant spill into porous media has been put forward by Abriola (1989), Mercer and Cohen (1990), Kueper and McWhorter (1991) and Parker et al. (1994). In some cases, the contaminant is dissolved in water and thus3 travels in a fractured aquifer or aquitard as a solute. Fractures provide a fast channel for widely distributing the contaminant throughout the aquifer and also result in contaminant transport in somewhat unpredictable directions, depending on the fracture planes that are intersected (Hsieh et al., 1985). More typically a contaminant enters the subsurface as a liquid phase separate from the gaseous or aqueous phases present (Figure 1.8). The NAPL may be leaking from a damaged or decaying storage vessel (e.g. in a gasoline station or a refinery) or a disposal pond, or may be spilt during transport and use in a manufacturing process (e.g. during degreasing of metal parts, in the electronics industry to clean semiconductors, or in an airfield for cleaning jet engines). The NAPL travels first through the unsaturated zone, under three-phase flow conditions, displacing air and water. The variations in matrix permeability, due to the heterogeneity of the porous medium, result in additional deviations from vertical flow. If the NAPL encounters layers of slightly less permeable materials (e.g. silt or clay lenses, or even tightly packed sand), or materials with smaller pores and thus a higher capillary entry pressure (e.g. NAPL entering a tight, water-filled porous medium), it will tend to flow mostly in the horizontal direction until it encounters a path of less resistance, either more permeable or with larger pores. Microfractures in the matrix are also important in allowing the NAPL to flow through these lowpermeability lenses. When the NAPL reaches the capillary fringe, two scenarios may arise. First, if the NAPL is less dense than water (LNAPL, e.g. gasoline, most hydrocarbons), then buoyancy forces will allow it to â€Å"float† on top of the water table. The NAPL first forms a small mound, which quickly spreads horizontally over the water table (Figure 1.9). When the water table rises due to recharge of the aquifer, it displaces the NAPL pool upward, but by that time the saturation of NAPL may be so low that it becomes disconnected. Disconnected NAPL will usually not flow under two-phase (water and NAPL) conditions. Connected NAPL will move up and down with the movements of the water table, being smeared until becomes disconnected. If the water table goes above the disconnected NAPL, it will begin to slowly dissolve. NAPL in the unsaturated zone will4 slowly volatilize. The rates of dissolution and volatilization are controlled by the flow of water or air, respectively (Powers et al., 1991; Miller et al., 1990; Wilkins et al., 1995; Gierke et al, 1990). A plume of dissolved NAPL will form in the ground water, as well as a plume of volatilized NAPL in the unsaturated zone. If the NAPL is denser than water (DNAPL, e.g. chlorinated organic solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls, tars and creosotes), then once it reaches the water table it begins to form a mound and spread horizontally until either there is enough mass to overcome the capillary entry pressure (DNAPL into a water saturated matrix) or it finds a path of less resistance into the water-saturated matrix, either a fracture or a more porous/permeable region. Once in the saturated zone, the DNAPL travels downward until either it reaches a low enough saturation to become disconnected (forming drops or â€Å"ganglia†) and immobile, or it finds a low-permeability layer. If the layer does not extend very far, the DNAPL will flow horizontally around it. In many cases, the DNAPL reaches bedrock (Figure 1.10). The rock usually contains fractures into which the DNAPL flows readily, displacing water. The capillary entry pressure into most fractures is quite low, on the order of a few centimeters of DNAPL head (Kueper and McWhorter, 1991). Flow into the fractures continues until either the fracture becomes highly DNAPL saturated, or the fracture is filled or closed below, or the DNAPL spreads thin enough to become disconnected. The DNAPL may flow into horizontal fractures within the fracture network. In terms of remediation strategies, DNAPLs in fractured bedrock are probably one of the most intractable problems (National Research Council, 1994). They are a continuous source of dissolved contaminants for years or decades, making any pumping or active bioremediation alternative a very long term and costly proposition. Excavation down to the fractured bedrock is very expensive in most cases, and removal of the contaminated bedrock even more so. Potential remediation alternatives for consideration, include dewatering the contaminated zone via high-rate pumping and then applying Soil Vapor Extraction to remove volatile DNAPLs, or applying steam to mobilize and volatilize the DNAPL towards a collection well. An additional option is to use5 surfactants, either to increase the dissolution of DNAPL or to reduce its interfacial tension and thus remobilize it (Abdul et al., 1992). An issue with remobilizing via surfactants is the potential to drive the DNAPLs further down in the aquifer or bedrock, complicating the removal. If an effective remediation scheme is to be engineered, such as Soil Vapor Extraction, steam injection or surfactant-enhanced dissolution or mobilization, we need to understand how DNAPLs flow through fractures. Flow may be either as a solute in the aqueous phase, as two separate phases (DNAPL-water) or as three phases (DNAPL, water and gas, either air or steam). Another complication in any remediation scheme, not addressed in this study, is how to characterize the fracture network. Which are the fractures that carry most of the flow? What is their aperture and direction? What is the density of fracturing in a particular medium? Are the fractures connected to other fractures, probably in other planes? How does one sample enough of the subsurface to generate a good idea of the complexity involved? Some techniques are beginning to emerge to determine some of the most important parameters. For example, pumping and tracer tests (McKay et al., 1993; Hsieh et al., 1983) may provide enough information to determine the mean mechanical and hydraulic aperture of a fracture, as well as its main orientation. Geophysical techniques like seismic imaging, ground-penetrating radar and electrical conductivity tests are being improved to assist in the determination of fracture zones (National Research Council, 1996). However, there is room for significant improvement in our current ability to characterize fractures in the subsurface. Even if we come to understand how single and multiphase flow occurs in a fracture, and the interactions between the fracture and the porous matrix surrounding it, how do we describe all these phenomena in a modeling framework? Clearly, we cannot describe every fracture in a model that may consider scales of tens, hundreds or thousands of meters in one or more directions. One approach is to consider the medium as an â€Å"equivalent continuum† (Long, 1985), where the small-scale properties are somehow averaged in the macroscopic scale. Probably the best solution for averaging properties is to use a stochastic description of properties such as permeability (or6 hydraulic conductivity) including the effect of fractures on overall permeability, diffusivity, sorption capacity, grain size, wettability, etc. Another approach, first developed in the petroleum industry, is to consider a â€Å"dual porosity/dual permeability† medium (Bai et al., 1993; Zimmerman et al., 1993; Johns and Roberts, 1991; Warren and Root, 1963), referring to the porosity and permeability of the matrix and the fracture. Diffusive or capillary forces drive the contaminants, or the oil and its components, into or out of the matrix, and most advective flow occurs in the fractures. None of these models has yet been validated through controlled experiments. 1.2 Research Objectives The objectives of this research are:  · To characterize the fracture aperture distribution of several fractured porous media at high resolution;  · To study the transport of a contaminant dissolved in water through fractured media, via experimental observation;  · To study the physical processes involved in two- and three-phase displacements at the pore scale;  · To observe two- and three-phase displacements in real fractured porous media;  · To bring the experimental observations into a modeling framework for predictive purposes. 1.3 Approach7 To understand single and multiphase flow and transport processes in fractures, I first decided to characterize at a high level of resolution the fracture aperture distribution of a number of fractured rock cores using CAT-scanning. With this information, I determined the geometry and permeability of the fractures, which I then use to construct a numerical flow model. I also use this information to test the validity of predictive models that are based on the assumed statistics of the aperture distribution. For example, stochastic models (Gelhar, 1986) use the geometric mean of the aperture distribution to predict the transmissivity of a fracture, and show that the aperture variance and correlation length can be used to predict the dispersivity of a solute through a fracture. These models have not been, to my knowledge, been tested experimentally prior to this study. I compare these theoretical predictions of fracture transmissivity and dispersivity of a contaminant, with experimental results, both from the interpretation of the breakthrough curve of a non-sorbing tracer and from CAT-scans of the tracer movement through the fractured cores. To study multiphase displacements at the pore scale, we use a physical â€Å"micromodel†, which is a simile of a real pore space in two dimensions, etched onto a silicon substrate. The advantage of having a realistic pore space, which for the first time has the correct pore body and pore throat dimensions in a micromodel, is that we can observe multiphase displacements under realistic conditions in terms of the balance between capillary and viscous forces. I conduct two- and three-phase displacements to observe the role that water and NAPL layers play in the mobilization of the various phases. The micromodels are also used to study the possible combinations of double displacements, where one phase displaces another which displaces a third phase. The pore scale observations have been captured by Fenwick and Blunt (1996) in a threedimensional, three-phase network model which considers flow in layers and allows for double displacements. This network model then can produce three-phase relative permeabilities as a function of phase saturation(s) and the displacement path (drainage, imbibition or a series of drainage and imbibition steps).8 In addition, I use the fracture aperture information to construct capillary pressuresaturation curves for two phase (Pruess and Tsang, 1990) and three phases (Parker and Lenhard, 1987), as well as three-phase relative permeabilities (Parker and Lenhard, 1990). The fracture aperture distribution is also an input to a fracture network model which I use to study two-phase displacements (drainage and imbibition) under the assumption of capillary-dominated flow. To observe two- and three-phase displacements at a larger scale, in real fractured cores, I use the CAT-scanner. I can observe the displacements at various time steps, in permeable (e.g. sandstones) and impermeable (e.g. granites) fractured media, determining the paths that the different phases follow. These observations are then compared with the results of the network model as well as with more conventional numerical simulation. 1.4 Dissertation Overview The work is presented in self-contained chapters. Chapter 2 deals with the high resolution measurement and subsequent statistical characterization of fracture aperture. Chapter 3 uses the fracture aperture geostatistics to predict transmissivity and diffusivity of a solute in single-phase flow through a fracture, which is then tested experimentally. We also observe the flow of a tracer inside the fracture using the CAT-scanner, and relate the observations to numerical modeling results. Chapter 4 presents the theory behind the flow characteristics at the pore scale as well as the micromodel observations of two- and three-phase flow. In Chapter 5, twophase flow in fractured and unfractured porous media is presented, comparing CATscanned observations of various two-phase flow combinations (imbibition, drainage and water flooding) against numerical modeling results. Chapter 6 presents three-phase flow9 in fractures, comparing numerical results against CAT-scanner observations. Finally, Chapter 7 considers the engineering relevance of these studies. 1.5 References Atkinson, B. K., 1989: Fracture Mechanics of Rock, Academic Press, New York, pp. 548 Abdul, A. S., T. L. Gibson, C. C. Ang, J. C. Smith and R. E. Sobczynski, 1992: Pilot test of in situ surfactant washing of polychlorinated biphenyls and oils from a contaminated site, Ground Water, 30:2, 219-231 Abriola, L.,: 1989: Modeling multiphase migration of organic chemicals in groundwater systems – A review and assessment, Environmental Health Perspectives, 83, 117-143 Bai, M., D. Elsworth, J-C. Roegiers, 1993: Multiporosity/multipermeability approach to the simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs, Water Resources Research, 29:6, 1621-1633 Fenwick, D. H. and M. J. Blunt: 1996, Three Dimensional Modeling of Three Phase Imbibition and Drainage, Advances in Water Resources, (in press) Gelhar, L. W., 1986: Stochastic subsurface hydrology: From theory to applications., Water Resources Res., 22(9), 1355-1455. Gierke, J. S., N. J. Hutzler and J. C. Crittenden, Modeling the movement of volatile organic chemicals in columns of unsaturated soil, Water Resources Research, 26:7, 1529-1547 Heard, H. C., I. Y. Borg, N. L. Carter and C. B. Raleigh, 1972: Flow and fracture of rocks, Geophysical Monograph 16, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C. Hsieh, P. A., S. P. Neuman, G. K. Stiles and E. S. Simpson, 1985: Field determination of the threedimensional hydraulic conductivity of anisotropic media: 2. Methodology and application to fracture rocks, Water Resources Research, 21:11, 1667-1676 Hsieh, P. A., S. P. Neuman and E. S. Simpson, 1983: Pressure testing of fractured rocks- A methodology employing three-dimensional cross-hole tests, Report NUREG/CR-3213 RW, Dept. of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 IAEA, 1995: The principles of radioactive waste management, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna Johns, R. A. and P. V. Roberts, 1991: A solute transport model for channelized flow in a fracture. Water Resources Res. 27(8): 1797-1808. Kueper, B. H. and D. B. McWhorter, 1991: The behavior of dense, nonaqueous phase liquids in fractured clay and rock, Ground Water, 29:5, 716-728 Long, J. C. S., 1985: Verification and characterization of continuum behavior of fractured rock at AECL Underground Research Laboratory, Report BMI/OCRD-17, LBL-14975, Batelle Memorial Institute, Ohio McKay, L. D., J. A. Cherry and R. W. Gillham, 1993: Field experiments in a fractured clay till, 1. Hydraulic conductivity and fracture aperture, Water Resources Research, 29:4, 1149-1162 Mercer, J. W. and R. M. Cohen, 1990: A review of immiscible fluids in the subsurface: properties, models, characterization and remediation, J. of Contaminant Hydrology, 6, 107-163 Miller, C. T., M. M. Poirier-McNeill and A. S. Mayer, 1990: Dissolution of trapped nonaqueous phase liquids: mass transfer characteristics, Water Resources Research, 26:11, 2783-2796 Mutch, R. D. and J. I. Scott, 1994: Problems with the Remediation of Diffusion-Limited Fractured Rock Systems. Hazardous Waste Site Soil Remediation: Theory and Application of Innovative Technologies. New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc. National Research Council, 1994: Alternatives for ground water cleanup, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C. National Research Council, 1996: Rock Fracture and Fracture Flow: Contemporary Understanding and Applications, Committee on Fracture Characterization and Fluid Flow, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C. (in press). Parker, J. C. and R. J. Lenhard, 1987: A model for hysteretic constitutive relations governing multiphase flow: 1. Saturation-pressure relations, Water Resources Research, 23:12, 2187-219610 Parker, J. C. and R. J. Lenhard, 1990: Determining three-phase permeability-saturation-pressure relations from two-phase system measurements, J. Pet. Sci. and Eng., 4, 57-65 Parker, B. L., R. W. Gillham and J. A. Cherry, 1994: Diffusive disappearance of immiscible-phase organic liquids in fractured geologic media, Ground Water, 32:5, 805-820 Powers, S. E., C. O. Loureiro, L. M. Abriola and W. J. Weber, Jr., 1991: Theoretical study of the significance of nonequilibrium dissolution of nonaqueous phase liquids in subsurface systems, Water Resources Research, 27:4, 463-477 Pruess, K. and Y. W. Tsang, 1990: On two-phase relative permeability and capillary pressure of roughwalled rock fractures, Water Resources Research, 26:9, 1915-1926 Reitsma, S. and B. H. Kueper, 1994: Laboratory measurement of capillary pressure-saturation relationships in a rock fracture, Water Resources Research, 30:4, 865-878 Savage, D., 1995: The scientific and regulatory basis for the geological disposal of radioactive waste, John Wiley, New York Schuring, J. R., P. C. Chan and T. M. Boland, 1995: Using pneumatic fracturing for in-situ remediation of contaminated sites, Remediation, 5:2, 77-90 Norman R. Warpinski, 1991: Hydraulic fracturing in tight, fissured media, SPE 20154, J. Petroleum Technology, 43:2, 146-209 Warren , J. E. and P. J. Root, 1963: The behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs, Soc. Pet. Eng. J., 3, 245-255 Wilkins, M. D., L. M. Abriola and K. D. Pennell, 1995: An experimental investigation of rate-limited nonaqueous phase liquid volatilization in unsaturated porous media: Steady state mass transfer, Water Resources Research, 31:9, 2159-2172 Zimmerman, R. W., G. Chen, T. Hadgu and G S. Bodvarsson, 1993: A numerical dual-porosity model with semianalytical treatment of fracture/matrix flow, Water Resources Research, 29:7, 2127-2137

Research Proposal of Dove

Brand is perceived to be in important intangible asset for company which gives company a cutting edge in product market through positioning in consumer mind. To leverage on success of brand, companies go for brand extension which is offering different new product in the same brand name. Such brand strategy is intended to be pursued to save cost of launching new brand, to minimize risk of brand failure and to leverage on success of existing brand.Organization who are in personal care product business often go for such brand extension treating brand as their assists where they try to leverage on their brand equity by launching new products under already established brand names (Vanitha et al, 2001). There are many factors that define the effectiveness and success of brand extension in personal care products. Perceived Quality of Parent Brand, the relative importance of fit of brand with consumer characteristics and mission of brand are important variable which determine brand success ( Park, et al, 1991).Beyond those factors, in case of personal care brand extension, media planning, brand development and brand management and public relation to communicate the brand are considered to be influential in evaluating the success of brand extension. This research work is perused to evaluate the effectiveness of brand extension strategy in personal care products in general and brand extension strategy of Dove brand of Unilever. The report will elaborate whether brand extension strategy of Dove was successful one considering the variable mentioned above.The report is prepared based on customers’ responses collected through survey and observations of branding expert to assess such effectiveness. The turnover from products launched under brand extension strategy will be dependent variable that will be evaluated against Brand Campaign, Media Planning, Brand Development and Brand Management, and Public Relation Strategy of brand. The study will be based on Dove brand of Unilever which will outline how company changes branding strategy with evolution of Dove brand. 1. 1 Background of the OrganizationUnilever’s journey as business organization started at 1872 as margarine business. In 1890, the company was named as Lever Brothers Limited. In 1930 Margarine Unie (Netherland) and Lever Brothers Limited (UK) merged and renamed as Unilever Limited. Serving 2 billion customers worldwide, the company is achieving annual turnover of â‚ ¬51 billion in 2012 (Unilever, 2013). The company sells its products across 190 countries where emerging market now counts for 55% of the business. The company have portfolio of 14 cash cow brand that are generating â‚ ¬ 1 billion sales worldwide.The company employs around 173,000 people around the globe (Unilever PLC. 2013a). The portfolio of categories shows that around 35% of revenue comes from Suvoury, Dressing and spread, followed by Personal Care which is about 28%, Home Care which is 18% and food and beve rage segment covers 19%. Unilever has a portfolio of 400 brands among which some are world largest in terms of generating ideas. With an asset base of â‚ ¬46. 16 billion, the company has operating profit of about â‚ ¬7 billion (Unilever PLC. 2013b).Dove is a billion brand of Unilever which is generating annual revenue of â‚ ¬2.5 billion a year in 80 countries. Dove Brand was launched in 1957 as alternative to soap to care of dry skin. Since 1980 many product is launched under Dove brand ranging from body-wash, deodorants, body lotions, facial cleansers, to shampoos and conditioners through brand extension (Unilever PLC, 2013). Unilever terms Dove as a brand with a purpose. 1. 2 Rational of the Study Brand is perceived to be very important factor to position product in consumers’ mind. A brand image has become a salient resource and critical success factors of competition which gives firm competitive advantage in product market.To leverage on such competitive edge fir ms at times takes strategy of brand extension to leverage the success of existing brand to optimize and rationalized investment in brand. But such brand extension produced mixed result in terms of effectiveness or return on brand extension due to brand fit with product launched, functionality of brand and consumer attitude to accept new product (Kim and Deborah, 2008).To change consumer perception on the ground of functional benefit of brand, organization has to  reshuffle its branding communication to reposition brand in consumer mind which communicate a broader view of brand rather than functional benefits. The effectiveness of such brand extension depends on how firm develop brand, build brand and plan media to communicate the brand and maintain public relation to engage stakeholders (Bottomley and Stephen, 2001). Innovation of Branding campaign is another important parameter in this regard. The study will evaluate the brand extension strategy of Dove through examining through different factors mentioned just above to justify brand extension strategy in Personal care product category.1. 3 Business Research Questions The following research question will be designed to conduct the study. what is the brand extension strategy of FMCG company in personal care products What are the factors that affect brand extension strategy of an established brand in case of personal care products How brand campaign, media planning, customer attitude, brand development and management, public relation reshuffle brand extension strategy in case of Dove brand of Unilever What is the statistical observations of effect of components of brand extension in positioning product in consumer brand 1.4 Research objective Every research is conducted with fulfillment of some objectives in mind. Those objectives persuade the researcher to pursue research in this field of study to enrich the researcher intellectual observation. The following are the research objective of the study which moti vates the researcher to pursue this research. To review brand extension strategy in personal care productTo trace out the reasons that plays key role in developing brand extensions strategy in personal care products To explore the critically success factors that determines the effectiveness of brand extension strategy in personal care products To extract out how brand campaign, media planning, customer attitude, brand development and management, public relation played role in affecting success of brand extension of Dove brand of Unilever To evaluate the outcome of the study through statistical test to validate the findings of the study on rand extension strategy of Dove To suggest appropriate and specific recommendations and to provide conclusion along with mentioning the scope of future scope of study. 2. 0 Literature ReviewLiterature review is very important part of any credible research and it provides the research an opportunity to review similar and related previous research to take knowledgeable insight to design his or her study. The second chapter of the research will cover the literature review related to title of the research. The following sections will be covered by this chapter. 2. 1 Brand Brand can be defined as name, tern, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of other sellers (AMA, 2011). 2. 2 Brand Extension and Types of Brand ExtensionBrand extension is strategy of launching and selling new product under an established brand name of other existing products to persuade customer’s perception with success of existing products (Monga and Deborah, 2007). Extension can be described as strategy to sell new products without establishing a new brand of the company (Chen and Liu, 2004). There are two types of brand extension mostly used in branding strategy. The following graph is elucidating such types of brand extension . Figure: Types of Brand Extension Source: (Kim and Lavack, 2001) 2. 3 The Reasons of Brand Extension There are logics why organization goes with brand extension instead of launching new brand for every new product.The most influential arguments are reducing risk and cost of launching new products, increasing sales and profit of the company and being able to ask a premium price (Alokparna and Zeynep, 2012). The other reason includes increase brand awareness and perceived brand value of the company (Smith and Park, 1992). 2. 4 Brand Extension in Personal Care products Brand extension in personal care product is more prevalent than other types of product due to homogeneity in product nature and communication of common perception to the consumers. From Unilever to P&G everyone does follow brand extension strategy more or less in their personal product portfolio (Xie, 2008). 2. 5 Factors that Determines the success of Brand Extension strategy Various factors brand extension strategy of personal care products.The given case outlined the following factors that were considered influential in affecting brand extension strategy to Dove from soap to other personal care products 2. 5. 1 Branding Campaign Branding campaign is very important parameter to change customer perception from a narrower point of view to broader point of view. Earlier Dove is considered a cleansing cream or moisturizing cream (Tom et al, 2012). Whenever Unilever intended to communicate Dove as Masterbrand, it reshuffles its campaigning strategy to communicate Dove brand campaign as â€Å"Campaign for Real Beauty† (Deighton, 2008). The case produced the following discussion. 2. 5. 2 Branding to Change Customer AttitudeSuccessful brand extension strategy change customer attitude to the favor of new product launched under established product category. In Dove case, the branding campaign redefines the notion of beauty to the women of the world by saying that every woman possesses real beauty, w hich is merely not defined by size, skin or age. The brand defines beauty as function of self-esteem, feeling superiority about oneself. Such bold step to change women attitude toward beauty invites discussion and debate, which ultimately gave the familiarity of new product under Dove brand (Deighton, 2008a). The following comments are from Marketing Director of Dove. 2. 5.3 Media Planning Media planning is very important to communicate brand extension to new launched products. The effectiveness of media planning largely defines how effectively and efficiently message can be communicated to the target customers (Jack and Roger, 2002). Uniqueness and cost consideration are most influential ingredients in media planning where company favors to choose unusual media to attract easily customers’ attention and least cost media to save marketing cost of the organization (Clarke, 1997). Dove posted a filming featuring dove in YouTube for which Unilever did not spend a penny literally . 2. 5. 4 Brand Development and Brand ManagementBrand development is successful predictor of brand future. If an innovative and compelling brand is developed, it is mostly assured that brand will emerge as successful. Whenever a brand is successfully positioned in one product category, it is very easy to extend it to new product (Kumar, 2005). Successful brand development requires innovative brand development team, alignment of branding communication with characteristic of products so that they best fits each other (Monga and Deborah, 2007). In case of Dove Brand, extension brand development was separated from brand management in specific market. 2. 5. 5 Public Relation and Brand ExtensionPublic relation or PR is emerging as very effective tool in communicating messages of new brand or brand extension to customers. The recent observation is that impact of advertisement is falling and that of PR is rising. PR is more effective when it comes to matter of communicating credibility of b rand, saving of cost and clutter (Volckner and Henrik, 2006). Moreover, Brand friendliness with PR can formulate a compelling communication strategy of brand extension with low cost (Tom et al, 2012a). Public relation of Dove was compelling covering both positive and criticism comments from leading press and marketing commentators which gave the firm great publicity (Deighton, 2008). New York Times mentioned about PR success of Dove as below 3. 0 Research MethodologyResearch methodology will be third chapter of the research, which is mainly a roadmap of the research to the outcome, which will be employed with different type of methodology to extract out the insight from the incumbent research (Hunter and Leahey, 2008). The research methodology section will employ the following techniques. 3. 1 Design of Research The most important element in research methodology is research design which will be cornerstone for further research steps to extract out relevant information from collected data. The research design consist of planning of research, dissecting and collecting raw data and observations from the key stakeholders to build a harmonious research that will fulfill social objectives (Brymanand and Bell, 2003).The research design is launched with research philosophy. 3. 2 Philosophy of Research The research philosophy is very important ingredient of research design where philosophy concentrates on reasoning of rationality and scientific approaches, law of generalization to develop and establish knowledge. This research is based on positivism philosophy where transparency of research will be ensured through usage of true sense to make reproduction of information (Hussey and Hussey, 2007). This philosophy of research mainly employs scientific tools and techniques to reason knowledge of imagination extracted from observed behavior (Saunders et al, 2009).The research philosophy that stands against this research philosophy is anti-positivism philosophy which prefers people judgment on research issues. Positivism philosophy uses statistical tools which is not used by anti-positivism philosophy (Remeniyi et al, 2008). 3. 2. 1 Justification of Positivism Philosophy The justification for selecting positivism philosophy is that in this philosophy research is carried out on through objective manner to explore the cause effect relationship between exogenous and indigenous variables (Irving, 2006). 3. 3 Research Approach There are mainly two broad type of research is used by the researcher for conducting research.These approaches are induction and deduction approach. This research will be based on deduction approach, which is a top down research approach concentrating to relate research outcome with reasoning rather than a subjective general statement. This approach is very much relevant to bring a concrete conclusion. Deductive approach depends on earlier conceptual and theoretical structure, which is supported by quantitative data (Steinar, 2007). 3 . 3. 1 Justification of Deduction Approach The strongest argument of using deduction approach is that this approach is based on scientific principles, which leads to highly structured and organized ground for the development of research hypothesis.This approach is also relevant for collection of research data to elucidate the relation and dependency among the variables to prove the hypothesis (Kumar, 2008). 3. 4 Methods of Research Quantitative and qualitative two research methods will be used in this research through application of different qualitative and quantitative research technique. 3. 4. 1 Quantitative Methods This method will be used for collecting primary data collection. Different statistical parameters will be used under this method. The graphical presentation will be employed as instrument of quantitative method along with charts to display information more visibly (Churchill and Iacobucci, 2005). 3. 4. 2 Qualitative ResearchIn case of subjective measurement qualitativ e technique will be employed. Brand extension and product categories have many dimensions that are qualitative in nature which need subjective evaluation. This method will be used mostly in case of data which are nonnumeric in nature and more concerned with behavioral aspect of the respondents. This research has applied a mixed approach of research by incorporating qualitative and quantitative variable. Quantitative one has been applied to find the Effectiveness of Brand extension in case of Personal care products. On the other hand, to measure impact of public relation, media planning and brand management qualitative approach will be used. 3. 5 Data SourcesData will be collected from mainly two types of sources, primary sources and secondary sources. For primary data, population will be female customers of Unilever in London. Beyond customers, brand manager of Dove at Unilever UK will be asked for an interview, which is also another source of primary data. Total 100 customers will be surveyed and three managers will be interviewed. The primary data will be concerned with collection of data through a questionnaire that will ask about demographic profile of customers and research topic related questions where respondent will be asked on predetermined questions (Agresti and Finlay, 2009). The questionnaire will provide some statements and give respondent to put score based on their opinion.The secondary source of data will be relevant articles, books, website and annual report of Unilever. Appropriate referencing will be provided to authenticate the sources of secondary data. 3. 6 Sampling, Design and Size 3. 5. 2. 1 Target Population The target population of the research is all the potential respondents relevant to research study within some specific parameters (Churchill and Iacobucci, 2005). For the purpose of this study, the population included female users of Dove brand of Unilever UK in London. The demography of the respondent is developed in such a way th at customers from different age, ethnicity and income level is selected. 3. 5. 2.2 Sampling Sampling is a technique to filter respondent from population to conduct the study as deal with whole population is literally impossible. the influential sampling method is probability sampling where equal chance of each candidate from population might be selected. There are other sampling technique that could be employed in this research study which are random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling etc (Foss, 2007). Having considered time and resource constraint, convenience sampling technique is best suited with this study 3. 5. 2. 3 Design of Sample Design of sample refers to the process of selection of sample units.A self-administered survey will be conducted among the targeted sample and the in person with female users of Dove brand in London. 3. 5. 2. 4 Sample size A sample size of 100 is expected to be collected for this study. Beyond them 3 managers will be asked for interview. Enough time will be given to each participant to reduce the error. The questionnaire is designed in simple English to reduce risk of ambiguity. Respondents Number Female users of Dove brand 100 Executives managing Dove Brand 3 Total 103 3. 6 Data Analysis Tools and Techniques Graph, table and different diagram will be used to display data that will be collected through questionnaire. These will be done in primary data analysis. The core part of the questionnaire will be based on 5-point Likeart Scale.The questionnaire provided to female users of Dove will consist of close-ended questions and interview questionnaire provided to the managers of Unilever will be open-ended questions. To assess the responses C-alpha test will be employed. The following techniques will also be used in this study. 3. 6. 1 Usage of Statistical Tools for Analysis To examine, filter and transform the collected data with research objective statistical tools will be used for reaching conclusion and approving decision making (Panneerselvam, 2004). Data will be analyzed through application of most up to date statistical tools used in business research. Two distinct questionnaires were used in this research to analyze effectiveness of brand extension strategy of Dove brand. The following statistical tools have been used in this research.Graphical Technique: the graph will be produced in spreadsheet software of Microsoft Office Excel. In addition to generation of graphs, excel will be used in most quantitative analysis of the study. Pearson Correlation Matrix: Correlation matrix is in fact a technique to develop relation between dependent and independent variables. It mainly observed how variables are dependent of each other. Scaling Technique: Scaling technique will be used in this study in case of subjective evaluation of respondents. In this procedure, weight is assigned according to rank (Cooper and Schindler, 2008). Result will be presented as percentage through rank percent age analysis.Regression Analysis: Regression analysis is used in research arena mainly to calculate the dependency of dependent variable with independent variables. It incorporates different statistical test such as P value, t-test to assess the influence of the relation in terms of statistical consideration. The regression equation of this study will be as below Where, Y= Dependent variable (Dove Brand Turnover) ? = Constant ?1= Coefficients of brand campaign X1= Brand campaign ?2= Coefficients of customer perception toward brand X2= Customer perception toward brand ?3= Coefficients of Brand Development and Management X3= Brand Development and Management?4= Coefficient of Media Planning X4= Media Planning ?5= Coefficient of Public Relation X5= Public Relation e= Error term 3. 7 Ethical Consideration To complete research with appropriate research guidelines research ethics is very important. Considering ethical aspect of research enough time is given to the respondent of the study s o that they can depict their true view on research questions. Primary and secondary data will be used in this study. Consent from the respondents will be taken and appropriate permission will also be ensured for usage of their given data. Confidentiality of the responses will be maintained strictly to ensure privacy of their data.The disclosure of respondent identity will be based on their permission where if they are not willing to disclose identity, their identity will not be exhibited. Beyond that fact, usage of any secondary data from any source will be acknowledged with appropriate reference. Hence, the ethical aspect of research will be followed very strictly in this research. 3. 8 Possible Research Outcome The research is pursued to find out whether brand extension strategy of personal care product is effective through analyzing the case of Dove brand of Unilever. The incumbent researcher is very must interested to explore the association of brand extension through different factors in making success of newly launched products.The research will produce how brand campaign,  customer perception towards brand, brand development and management, and brand, media planning and public relation associates in making brand extension effective in case of Dove brand of Unilever. 3. 9 Limitation The main limitation of the research is the period allocated for conducting the study. Another important limitation is the inability to remove the biasness of the responses due to subjective nature of the data. Another limitation is the dimension factors related in brand extension in addition to mentioned factors, which might produce incomplete conclusion. 4. 0 Time Scale of Research The dissertation will be produced by maintaining the following time scale Task to be Executed Week 1 Week 2-4 Week 5-8 Week 9-11 Week 12 Questionnaire Development and Outline of the Thesis Survey Conduct Data mining and FilteringIntroduction Literature Review Research Methodology Data Analysis S ubmitting First Draft Submitting Second Draft Proof Reading and Error Checking Final Submission 5. 0 Conclusion It is observed that brand extension strategy in personal care products is more prevalent and effective than any other products. This research study is intended to explore the effectiveness of brand extension strategy of Dove brand of Unilever. The researcher believes that the study will produce valuable insight in such evaluation that will be useful for both the executives and academicians. It will also create opportunity for further research in this field of the study.